Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is essential for red blood cell production, DNA formation, and maintaining a healthy nervous system. A deficiency in this crucial nutrient can lead to serious health problems, including anemia, cardiovascular issues, depression, and vision loss.

Common symptoms also include fatigue, headaches, poor concentration, digestive troubles, and nerve-related issues like numbness or tingling in the limbs. These effects stem from the body’s inability to produce enough healthy blood cells or properly support nerve function without adequate B12.

The causes of vitamin B12 deficiency vary, with diet being a leading factor—especially for vegetarians and vegans who may lack natural sources. Other contributing conditions include gastritis, pernicious anemia, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, and the aftereffects of gastrointestinal surgery. Excessive alcohol use and certain genetic conditions can also impair absorption. To prevent deficiency, it’s important to consume foods rich in B12 such as liver, shellfish, fish like salmon and tuna, dairy products, eggs, and fortified cereals. Regular intake of these foods supports overall health and helps maintain the body’s B12 levels.